Sex Trafficking A Modern Day - 1360 Words

Praise Ohabor Social Change Paper SOCI 1013 November 18, 2015 In current day and age, sex trafficking is referred to as â€Å"modern-day† slavery, where sex is sold through the use of forcible behavior, and the victim is coerced by those running the deals. According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, the term sex trafficking is defined as, â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age† (Sex Trafficking.) Sex trafficking is a huge epidemic that is spreading all over the country and is ranked the second highest revenue intake in the world, falling behind the movement of drugs (Shively.) This modern day slavery consists of those that are over 18 and minors committing sexual acts for some type of compensation. Those that are under 18 are seen as victim of sex trafficking because th ey are minors (Sex Trafficking.) The law sees that those who are under 18 are seen as the victims, whether they were coerced or not. The area of sex trafficking ranges from all ages and demographics. Men, women, and children can all fall victim to it. In this field of money, those that appear as vulnerable are the easiest targets because in most cases they are searching for someone or something to ease them of their misunderstanding.Show MoreRelatedModern Day Human Sex Trafficking1151 Words   |  5 PagesModern Day Human Sex Trafficking With the advances in technology society now mainly uses cellphones and the internet as means of communication; traffickers see this as an opportunity, by using technology as a tool to reach victims from all around the world, as well as buyers. However, as traffickers are adapting to the online market for trafficking, technology is also creating ways in which we can identify traffickers and victims. Sex trafficking has been around for centuries, howeverRead MoreSex Trafficking Is Modern Day Slavery1175 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking is basically modern day slavery. It’s terrible, sex traffickers use violence, threats, and lies to compel and trick not only adults, but innocent children to get involved in commercial sex acts against their will. Not only that, but in different countries like Algeria and Cuba they are also dealing with sex trafficking but sometimes the children or adults are used and forced labor upon them. It’s sad and sickening. These sex traffickers take these people and children away from theirRead MoreSex Trafficking: Modern-day Slavery Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking according to the National Human Trafficking (2000) is defined as a modern-day form of slavery in which a commercial sex act in induced by force, fraud or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years. Sex traffi cking is mostly comprises of force, fraud and underage women or men to engaged in unwilling activities in order to get what they need in life. Most often people are brought to the United State specifically in search of job butRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Form Of Modern Day Slavery1344 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent branches of human trafficking, but sex trafficking, a form of modern day slavery, has become more prevalent in the world today. Sex trafficking is defined as â€Å"The enslavement of unwilling people who are coerced into a condition for sexual exploitation† (Jefft 221). â€Å"It has been estimated by the U.S. State Department that between 700,000 and 2,000,000 people are trafficked each year worldwide, and 80% of them are being exploited as sexual slaves† (Territo 3). Sex trafficking is a common problemRead MoreSlavery : A African American Slave1518 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic, and racial factors that influence slavery, even in modern time. Of course, we know that slavery in the 1800’s was extremely racial in that only blacks were enslaved. However, looking at the statistics as we talk about slavery, it has become widely apparent to me that slavery is largely associated with specific races as well as economic status. In today’s world there are also other types of slavery, such as child trafficking, forced labor/debt bondage, criminal exploitation, ect. And eachRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another person to have sex against their will. (Sex Traffick ing in the U.S, 1)Read MoreSex And Sex Trafficking1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Poverty has on Sex Trafficking Suffering from poverty makes life unbearable at times and is hard to escape from. Most individuals that live in poverty are vulnerable and have little hope to improve their lives. Being vulnerable and having no hope for life can often leads to desperation. Sex trafficking and become a means of survival for these individuals. Low income is a major cause for sex trafficking. Sex trafficking can become a reason for a single mother to feed her children or canRead MoreSex Trafficking : An Important Social Issue That Affects Vulnerable People1482 Words   |  6 PagesLastName 1 Firstname Lastname Professor Maritato Introduction to Speech - Comm V01 Sex Trafficking General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech, the audience should be able to explain what sex trafficking is and how it takes place domestically and abroad. Central Idea: Sex trafficking is an important social issue that affects vulnerable people. Introduction: When K. was 14 years old, she fell in love with her horseback riding instructor. She dreamed that they would be in loveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Sex Trafficking1094 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking is becoming more and more of a problem as time moves on. Sex trafficking is the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion [Internet Safety 101]. Sex trafficking is increasing due to the evolution of modern day social services and sources. From safety sources, it is the 2nd fastest growing criminal industry [Internet Safety 101]. More andRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1603 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The history of enslaving humans for the benefit of labor, sex, and financial gain runs deep and parallel to the existence of civilization. While a small portion of the history of slavery reflects a more humane and less brutal treatment of those in servitude, such as the Babylonian slaves of 18th century BC who were permitted to own land; contrastingly, most slavery practices historically have been established in a foundation of violence and control, such as the slaves of ancient Greece

Such a Beautiful Play A Streetcar Named Desire Journal Entry

Such a beautiful play. Entering the work, along with the reader, is Blanche. The fact that the reader is essentially carried into the story is important as the character with the most emotion is Blanche. She enters the play covered in white, which at this point can be taken in one of two ways. White, obviously, signifies purity. A woman who was still a virgin would dress in white to show off to possible suitors. The description also says â€Å"suit; a suit is generally wore by a man; a suit wore by a woman would be seen as a sign of power, that she was equitable to any man. It could, however, be taken another way; the same reason women wear makeup; a faà §ade. Blanche is a fake woman, someone who is â€Å"50% illusion† and in love with â€Å"magic.† With†¦show more content†¦The death continues later with the loss of Mitch, her sanity, rape, and institutionalization. It was Elysian Fields where she was supposed to go, not continue the path of death. She left Laurel in a dream, but reality caught up with her. This passage foreshadows the continuance of death, and that she does not belong in this heaven, and will be removed from it soon enough. â€Å"The way it was† is a pattern in so many literary works; seeking the past because it is safe and familiar. Stanley is bewitching Stella in this scene, reminding her of the past and the beauty that it was. The â€Å"colored lights† are as dazzling to Stella as shiny metal trinkets are to a magpie. She loves the simple glitz Stanley can provide. â€Å"Behind the curtains† lies Blanche, which is both indicative of her obsession with leaving her life concealed behind a veil for fear of shame, and the obvious meaning that they live in such a small home with nothing to hide. Nothing to hide, nothing to hide an Elysian Fields; nothing to hide in heaven, all cards on the table, something Blanche can not possible conform to. She fears the truth, yet it is the truth that would give her pass to a life of perhaps happiness, if only she accepted what cannot be changed. Instead she hides from it, something a plain man like Stanley can not possibly stand for. Above is laughter, contrast to Blanche’s heavy feelings. Stella lights the candle, which Blanche opposes for fear of wasting them when a young boyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Black Swan2789 Words   |  12 PagesChapter I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Desire is a natural characteristic of every human being, the writer believe that every single person in the world have desire to get something that really want. According to the vdictionary, the definition of desire is very deverse, desire means to wish for earnestly, to covest, to express a wish for, to entreat, to request, to require, the natural longing that is excited by the enjoyment or the thought of any good, and impels to actionRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pages..................................................................... 49 Hippocrates (Father of Modern Medicine) ............................................................................................... 51 Personal Experience: Learning to play the piano ........................................................................................................................ 53 Traveling Abroad ...............................................................................................Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesrestricted to PMPs. Job seekers, in general, are finding that being PMP certified is an advantage in the marketplace. PMI recently added a certification as a Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM). CAPM is designed for project team members and entry-level project managers, as well as qualified undergraduate and graduate students who want a credential to recognize their mastery of the project management body of knowledge. CAPM does not require the extensive project management experience associated

The Comparison of the Position of Women in Girl, by Jamaica Kincaid, and The Werewolf, by Angela Carter Essay Example For Students

The Comparison of the Position of Women in Girl, by Jamaica Kincaid, and The Werewolf, by Angela Carter Essay Both Girl, by Jamaica Kincaid, and The Werewolf, by Angela Carter are the stories concerning about women position; therefore, in this essay, I am going to illustrate the position of women in these two stories according to two points of view: the individual point of view and the social point of view to work out the point that although there are some differences between the position of women in these two stories, but the similarity outweigh the differences, they are the lowest ones in the society. Firstly, if standing on the point of view of the young girls in the stories, which is the individual view, we can see the girl in Werewolf has a stronger position comparing with the position of the girl in Girl. To illustrate this point, my first reason is that what they need to face is totally different, the girl in Girl has a traditional woman-liked position; she needs to learn washing clothes, cooking, sewing, ironing, housekeeping, and also behaving like a lady. What her mother tells her to do prepares her to be a perfect, sweet and traditional woman and wife. In the story, her mother says dont squat down to play marblesyou are not a boy (523) and on Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming (523), which attribute to the traditional woman-liked position of the girl in Girl. On the other hand, what the girl in Werewolf needs to do is totally different from the girl in Girl. She needs to overcome many obstacles and risks. Firstly, she is required to accomplish the task of bringing cakes to her grandmother knowing that she herself may come to many dangers, such as the wolves, and then she is so unlucky to come across a wolf, which means she needs to f ight against it only counting on her fathers hunting knife, at last, a tragedy that her grandmother is actually the werewolf comes to her. Now, do you think the role she is playing is still a little girl under the circumstance that she has come over so many crises? She is acting like a hero, a man. The writer has given the girl in Werewolf a man-liked position, a position stronger than the position of the girl in Girl since what the girl in Werewolf needs to do is more risky and heavy. The second reason why the girl in Werewolf has a stronger position comparing with the position of the girl in Girl according to the individual point is that their characters and attitudes are totally different. In Girl, the girl has a character which totally suits the character of a traditional woman, soft, weak and obedient. As we can see in the story, the girl never says anything to respond to her mother during the so long instruction of how to be a traditional woman, except for one time that her mother tells her not to sing benna on Sundays or in Sunday school, her daughter eventually cant endure her accuse anymore; therefore, she says: I dont sing benna on Sundays at all and never in Sunday school.(523) Nevertheless, it was the only time the girl fights against her mother. She is so obedient that she continues to absorb everything her mother says without pointing out any question or opinion. At the end of the story, she responds to her mother again, the significance is that her r esponse is not an against one, but a response supporting her mother. Information Technology And Expansion Of The Europe EssayFurthermore, I have to mention something more about the consequence of the society forcing the women. In Girl, although the mother is keeping telling her daughter the instruction to suit in the society, she has also mentioned about how to bully men at the very end of the story: this is how to bully a man; this is how a man bullies you;(523), which I consider she is telling her daughter how to protect herself in spite of her wish to make her daughter a follower to that society. In Werewolf, we can see the same situation the old woman is protecting herself. As she is in the lowest position in that society, she feels hungry and helpless. She needs to protect herself from being lonely and hungry. Because of this, she accepts herself to become a villain and to eat her granddaughter. To both of the women in these two stories, their behaviors are acceptable since its just a way to protect them while standing on their positions of being bullied. Nevertheless, in the social point of view, their actions are considered to be an aggressive one, which means they are fighting against the society, I have to admit that its true since their actions are not acceptable to the society; therefore, the society considers them the enemies as everyone thinks that the old woman in Werewolf is the evil in the society. Actually, the real evil is the society since what she does is what the society forces her to do. The old woman in Werewolf is very poor since she is not the winner at the end and it shows how powerful the society is. It controls everything, no matter what you do, you cant be the winner and this causes the very low and obedient position of women in the society. To conclude my second point of view, I think both the positions of women in these two stories are very low and unnoticed. I have to emphasis that in Werewolf, the significance focuses on the old women while in Girl, the significance focuses on all the women. Furthermore, we can know more in these two stories, which is that their positions are like a circle, never stop, from one generation to another one. To conclude all of my points, although there are some differences between the positions the young girls in these two story, I think the difference is the way the author of Girl wants to make her story unconventional, although the girl in Girl has a heroic image in the society where woman is unnoticed, it doesnt mean that the girl wants to fight against the society, it is just a unique characteristic in Girl. Therefore, I dont consider we can see the real position of woman in Girl by the position of the young girl, which means that the individual point of view is a way to show the individual positions in these stories. My idea is that I think the social point of view is more important than the individual point, which means that the similarity outweighs the difference. The position of women in these stories is very low and unnoticed.

The Influence of Constructivism Essay Example

The Influence of Constructivism Essay Determining the Influences of Soviet Propaganda on Contemporary Advertising and Promotion The purpose of this study is to look at the representation of political ideology on Soviet posters and the ways in which this style continues to influence today’s advertising and popular culture. Though there are many forms of propaganda the forms of propaganda I intend to discuss in this essay are visual. The areas I aim to further my understanding of are the representation of political ideologies on today’s contemporary popular culture. I intend to investigate the idea that the Constructivists created the blueprint for modern consumerism and methods of advertising. I will investigate semiotics and Marxism in context with my study. In today’s society of consumerist culture I think the topic of propaganda is interesting as I feel propaganda goes hand in hand with advertising. In today’s society we are relentlessly saturated with loaded words and images, for this reason I wanted to investigate the origins of consumerism and today’s advertising. The purpose of Soviet propaganda was to create a new type of world; Lenin wanted to remodel the world under Socialist Realism and visual propaganda played an important part in this. Using propaganda to influence people’s thoughts and actions by making them act on feelings rather than rational thought. I am going to investigate the idea that soviet Marxist ideology continues to influence To illustrate my idea I am going to discuss the semiotics of a Soviet poster designed by Alexander Rodchenko for Gosizdat (fig. ) in 1924 the poster is a typical example of the stark, distinct and timeless design of the era. The poster features Lilia brick, a muse of Vladimir Mayakovsky and later Alexander Rodchenko. The poster was designed as mass spread agitprop intended to spread the ideals of Socialist Realism with its vision of a widespread literate society. The simplified bold graphic is typical of the work produced during the Constructivist movement; the lack of decoration or of represen tational depiction of objects ties in with the movement’s aims to keep the production purely informative and functional. Art that fails to become part of life will be catalogued in the museum of archaeological antiquities† (Rodchenko The poster features a woman, Lilia Brick, wearing a kerchief; clothes of the proletarian workers. This design and its message was calculated so that the proletarian of Russia would relate and engage with the message the image conveys. The woman is shouting â€Å"Books† inside a trapezoid shape, as most of the population were illiterate it was necessary for the image to be understood visually. Pictures indeed could be more potent than writing because they ‘impose meaning at one stroke’ but semiotic communication could extend beyond both the verbal and the visual† (Visual Culture, Richard Howels, 2003, page 100) Personally, I think this is a timeless image but I don’t think it is very understandable without th e text. It is an example of the constructivist’s novel experiments with juxtaposition and photography. Contemporary posters and graphics are testament to the strength of design this age produced. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Constructivism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Constructivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Constructivism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To further illustrate my idea I am going to discuss the semiotics of three advertising images and compare them with the Gosizdat (fig. 1) 1924 Lilia Brick poster from the Soviet era, which they are derivative of. The images I will discuss come from a broad spectrum in popular culture. I will look at an image from a political campaign, a mobile phone advert and a popular indie band. In order to sell and appeal, it is my opinion that these products and ideologies have borrowed the connotations of power and directness that these Soviet posters command. A humorous take on poster from the Barak Obama campaign featuring a dog in the place of Lilia Brick became a hit on the Internet. This suggests the poster has widespread appeal on masse. The poster was not affiliated with the campaign. An example of the Gosizdat posters influential use in advertising can be viewed in a Greek advert for Vodaphone mobiles (fig. 2), here the semiotics are not entirely saying the same thing as in the poster designed for Gosizdat (fig. ), in this version it is depoliticised. The poster itself comes with an extra subtext thanks to its history; the viewer can take meaning from this as well as the intended message to advertise Vodaphone. The art of the past no longer exists as it once did. Its authority is lost. In its place there is a language of images. What matters now is who uses that language for what purpose. (Berger, 1972, p. 33) The anonymous woman in the poster is supposed to be shouting some sort of offer or Vodaphone; the anonymous woman in the p oster is in black and white creating an interesting juxtaposition against the bright colour scheme. The image of the woman seems slightly more ‘cut-out and pasted in’ than the other example images. I feel this could be derivative of the Constructivists experimentation with photomontage. It is in a sense ironic that these posters are now being used to promote capitalism given that the political ideology at the time was to do with Communism. A statement made by art critic Andrew Graham-Dixon backs this up; he says in BBC4 programme The Art of Russia: Smashing the Mould â€Å"this was totally new to use words like this and that is one of the paradoxes that Rodchenko and Mayakovsky give to the West the visual language of Capitalism†¦because they are inventing advertising† (M2 PRESSWIRE-10 November 2009-BBC: The Art Of Russia on BBC Four(C) 1994-2009 M2 COMMUNICATIONS RDATE:09112009) The second example of the influence of the poster for Gosizdat (fig. ) is in the album artwork for Franz Ferdinand’s 2005 album You Could Have It So Much Better (fig. 3). The semiotics suggests the same as with the last two reworks. The band reworked two other Constructivist posters for two more of their singles artwork; This Fire 2004 (fig 4) is derivative of the El Lissitzky poster Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge 1919 and Take Me Out 2004 (fig. 5) is a rework of Aleksandr Rodchenko’s One-Sixth Part the World Post er 1923 (fig 6). The illustrator and graphic designer Shepard Fairey who created the affiliated Obama campaign posters deliberately took inspiration from Soviet posters when creating the Obama Hope (fig. 7) poster. The work of Neville Brody further backs up the ideology behind the movement and that today’s designers draw much inspiration from Constructivism. Bold design and typography classic are time enduring. The semiotics of these images have connotations of empowerment. What matters is that design is a way of reflecting social undercurrents. The Futurists supported Mussolini, whereas Rodchenko was a socialist revolutionary. I draw a sense of dynamism and optimism with no intention of a political connotation. If you look at some of Rodchenko’s paintings, you’ll see he anticipated abstract expressionism by a good 50 or 60 years. It’s so abstract, it’s completely apolitical. Rodchenko was more about humanism and humanitarianism than communism. †- Neville Brod y. Another direct example of a Soviet posters influence on recent popular culture is the occurrence of Red Wedge in the 80’s, this collective of musicians wanted to inspire young people to connect with the politics of the Labour government and inspire them to take charge of their political opinions. A lithographic poster inspired the name for this movement: Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge 1919 (fig. 8); a poster designed by Constructivist artist El Lissitzky. The Red Wedge’ logo was also inspired by the poster and designed by graphic designer Neville Brody. In the 1980s there was a revival of politically fuelled art, Neville Brody reworked the typography of the Soviet era in popular magazine The Face (fig. 9). Jenny Holzier’s Protect Me from What I Want, 1998 (fig. 10) is sending out a political message in a very simplified way just as the Constructivists did. â€Å"Holzer writes messages which are not in â€Å"her† voice but in styles that mimic the anonymous voices of authority† government, education and advertising† (Toby Clark, Art and Propaganda, 1997, page 155) The film created in the time of Soviet Russia was also influential. It has had an affect on the film production and movie editing of today. The film Battleship Potemkin, a silent film directed in 1925 by Eisenstein is one of the first examples of evocative film editing and of propaganda in film, it served as a warning against rebellion toward the government, such was the influence of this film, people at the time of its release who viewed it believed these were real events. The films this influence is apparent in are The Untouchables and Brazil. In my opinion the imagery of the Soviet era is incredibly iconic and it is not surprising that it has been borrowed time and time again. It seems evident from the examples in the text that everything from companies and politicians and popular culture will continue to borrow some of the imagery and iconography that the Constructivists strived to create, it is interesting that the artistic movements at the time of the Soviet era are not known as well as some. I have come to the conclusion that Soviet idealism has influenced much of today’s culture though the message is obviously not the same. I think the much of the advertising inspired by The Constructivists is clever as it can tap into what makes an image iconic. Companies that use the Russia propaganda style of imagery are looking to give their product cult status and iconography. With reworking of the Soviet and Constructivist style the designers are borrowing some of that power. In a world where we are saturate by advertisements the ones inspired by Constructivism are most successful in my opinion.

Income inequality essayEssay Writing Service

Income inequality essayEssay Writing Service Income inequality essay Income inequality essayIncome inequality is an important issue in the USA. There exist many factors which are assumed to drive income inequality: discrimination, social differentiation, the impact of geographic location and neighborhood, etc. Income inequality is high in the developed countries, and the processes of globalization tend to aggravate inequality. In particular, the incomes of upper and middle class citizens tend to increase, and the incomes of bottom middle and low-income class further decline. Income inequality also depends on the state: for example, in 2009 the lowest income inequality was witnessed in Maine while the highest income inequality was recorded in Texas (Noah, 2013).Some of the growth of income inequality is attributed to the increasing power of multinational corporations, global financial institutions and people possessing great power. In 2011, an international movement named â€Å"Occupy† emerged; the goal of this movement is to achieve greater equ ality in the distribution of income and resources among people. The leaders of this movement state that income inequality undermines democracy and leads to social instability (Noah, 2013).Structural factors shaping income inequality are interrelated with the governmental policies, decisions and strategies. Income inequality has many negative consequences for the society such as the lack of opportunities for young people, low social mobility, discrimination, increased level of stress and aggression, etc (Reardon Bischoff, 2011). Among the factors influencing income inequality there are the policies pertaining to unemployment insurance and minimal wages, tax reforms and changes, tax policies and programmes of income support (Banerjee, 2010).Furthermore, income inequality itself causes more dangerous social tendencies such as the segregation of affluence and poverty and deterioration of low-income communities. Income inequality is assumed to relate to gender, but the research data ass ociated with income inequality also indicate that there might exist gender stratification or the stratification of particular social groups pertaining to income.It is important to analyze existing distribution of income in the context of racial/ethnic differences, gender differences and social groups formed by different combinations of racial/ethnic and gender characteristics. It is likely that there are several vulnerable social groups which are struggling to overcome income inequality. Studying the specifics of income inequality is important because addressing this social issue will help to enhance social stability, might contribute to the reduction of crime and strengthening of the economy in general.Research questionThe major research question considered in this paper is formulated as follows: â€Å"Among U.S. adults, how does the level of income differ between gender and race/ethnicity?†. The data for this analysis will be based on the data of Current Population Survey ( CPS) which was conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau. It should be noted that instead of absolute income values, income groups will be considered in order to establish more precise borders for identifying income inequality.HypothesesIn this research, there will be three major hypotheses. Hypothesis 1: Among U.S. working adults, differences in income level exist between genders. Hypothesis 2: Among U.S. working adults, differences in income level exist between different races/ethnicities. Hypothesis 3: Among U.S. adults, differences in income level exist between the different social locations created by race/ethnicity and gender.Basing on the preliminary analysis of sources devoted to studying income inequality, it is possible to assume that there exists gender-based income inequality and income inequality related to race/ethnicity. Therefore, the initial assumption is that both Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2 are correct. Furthermore, it is assumed tha t there are specific social locations for which income level difference is statistically significant, i.e. that Hypothesis 3 also holds.

Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Equity

Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Equity Designing a classroom learning environment where all students are being attended to (even the ones who may not seem to be engaged) may seem like an impossible task when you are in a classroom of twenty elementary students. Luckily, there are a host of teaching strategies that foster this type of learning environment. Sometimes these strategies are referred to as equitable teaching strategies or teaching so that all students are given an equal opportunity to learn and thrive. This is where teachers teach to all students, not just the ones that seem to be engaged in the lesson.​ Often times, teachers think they have designed this wonderful lesson where all students will be willfully engaged and motivated to participate, however, in actuality, there may only be a few students who are engaged in the lesson. When this happens, teachers must strive to structure their students learning environment by providing a place that maximizes fairness and allows all students to equally participate and feel welcomed in their classroom community. Here are a few specific teaching strategies that elementary teachers can use to promote student engagement and foster classroom equity. The Whip Around Strategy The Whip Around strategy is simple, the teacher poses a question to his/her students and gives every student the opportunity to have a voice and answer the question. The whip technique serves as an important part of the learning process because it shows all students that their opinion is valued and should be heard. The mechanics of the whip are simple, each student gets about 30 seconds to respond to the question and there is no right or wrong answer. The teacher whips around the classroom and gives each student the chance to voice their thoughts on the given topic. During the whip, students are encouraged to use their own words to describe their opinion on the set topic. Often times students may share the same opinion as their classmates but when put into their own words, may find out their ideas are actually a little different than they first thought.   Whips are a useful classroom tool because all students have an equal opportunity to share their thoughts while actively being engaged in the lesson. Small Group Work Many teachers have found integrating small group work to be an effective way for students to equally share their thoughts while staying engaged in the lesson. When educators structure opportunities that require students to work together with their peers, they are giving their students the best possible chance for an equal learning environment. When students are placed in a small group of 5 or fewer individuals, they have the potential to bring their expertise and thoughts to the table in a low-key atmosphere. Many educators have found the Jigsaw technique to be an effective teaching strategy when working in small groups. This strategy allows students to support one another in order to complete their task. This small group interaction allows all students to collaborate and feel included. Varied Approaches As we all know now after must research, all children do not learn the same or in the same way. This means that in order to reach all children, teachers must use a variety of approaches and techniques. The best way to teach equitably to a large number of students is to use multiple strategies. This means that the old singular teaching approach is out the door and you must use a variety of materials and strategies if you want to meet all learners needs. The easiest way to do this is to differentiate learning. This means taking the information that you know about the way each individual student learns and using that information to provide students with the best possible lesson. Studies have shown that using different strategies and techniques to reach different learners is the best possible way that teachers can cultivate a classroom of equity and engagement. Effective Questioning Questioning has been found to be an effective strategy to promote equity and make sure all students are actively being engaged. Using open-ended questions is an inviting way to reach all learners. While open-ended questions require some time to develop on the teachers part, it is well worth it in the long run when teachers see all students actively and equally being able to participate in classroom discussions. An effective approach when using this strategy is to give students time to think about their answer as well as to sit and listen to them without any interruptions. If you find that students have a weak answer, then pose a follow-up question and continue to question students until you are sure they have understood the concept. Random Calling When a teacher poses a question for his/her students to answer, and the same children constantly raise their hands, how are all students supposed to have an equal chance at learning? If the teacher establishes a classroom environment in a non-threatening way where students can be chosen to answer a question at any time, then the teacher has created a classroom of equality. The key to the success of this strategy is to make sure that students do not feel pressure or threatened to answer in any way, shape or form. One way that effective teachers use this strategy is to use craft sticks to call upon random students. The best way to do this is to write down each students name on a stick and place them all into a clear cup. When you want to ask a question you simply pick out 2-3 names and ask those students to share. The reason you choose more than one student is to minimize the suspicion that the only reason the student is being called upon is that they were misbehaving or not paying attention in class. When you have to call upon more than one student it will ease all students anxiety level. Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning strategies are perhaps one of the simplest ways teachers can effectively keep their students engaged while promoting equity in the classroom. The reason being is it gives students the opportunity to share their thoughts in a small group format in a non-threatening, non-biased way. Strategies like think-pair-share where students each take a specific role in order to complete a task for their group and round robin where students can equally share their opinion and listen to the opinion of others gives students the perfect opportunity to share their thoughts and listen to the opinions of others. By integrating these types of cooperative and collaborative group activities into your daily lessons, you are promoting participation in a collaborative versus a competitive way. Students will take notice which will help turn your classroom into one that cultivates equality. Enforce a Supportive Classroom One way teachers can cultivate a classroom of equality is to establish a few norms. A simple way to do this is to verbally address the students at the beginning of the school year and let them know what you believe in. For example, you can say All students are treated with respect and When sharing ideas in class you will be treated with respect and will not be judged. When you establish these acceptable behaviors students will understand what is acceptable in your classroom and what is not. By enforcing a supportive classroom where all students feel free to speak their mind without feeling or being judged you will create a classroom where students feel welcomed and respected.

Introduce and critique Post-Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Introduce and critique Post-Modernism - Essay Example Most of the postmodernists assume that â€Å"reality is a social construct†. It means that right after communicating with one another; the members of a given society can somehow come up with their own collective ideas and convince more people to believe them until such point that it becomes part of their cultural beliefs. For this reason, the postmodernists assume that there is really â€Å"no absolute truth† about anything in this world and that the truth that most people believe in is actually â€Å"relative to the community† they live in . In other words, postmodernists simply believe that anything that people believe in this world can either be destroyed or broken down into pieces. The postmodernists are also known for their inability to accept the idea that the truth is an end-result of rational thinking nor is a creation or discovery made out of using scientific method. In fact, the phenomenon behind postmodernism accepts the idea that it is possible to fra cture or break down what people used to believe is real during the modernism era into something that is beyond what people during the modernism period would not even think of possible. For example, given that everything in this world is subject to change, one can easily notice that the songs we hear changes from the â€Å"classic rock† into a â€Å"modern rock†. In the case of postmodern architects, this group of professionals is after exploring the need to build buildings using different â€Å"styles, form, and texture†. One can actually say that postmodernism is all about liberating.

The Proper Accounting Treatment of Auto World Inc Essay

The Proper Accounting Treatment of Auto World Inc - Essay Example However, there is still a need to verify, through certain audit procedures and audit evidence if Pit Stop is really a component of an entity. This includes assessing if the cash flows subsequent to the disposal can be classified as direct or indirect cash flows in accordance with EITF No. 3 – 13 and if Auto World will still have a significant influence on Pit Stop’s operations after its disposal. The major accounting issue for Auto World is the proper accounting treatment, presentation and disclosure for Pit Stop’s operations in Auto World’s financial statements for the period ended June 30, 2007. All these will depend on whether or not Pit Stop is really a component of Auto World and whether it will qualify as discontinued operations. According to Paragraph 41 of SFAS No. 144, â€Å"a component of an entity comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity†. Another definition in paragraph 10 of SFAS No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information, stated that an operating segment is one that has its own business activities where it derives and incurs revenues and expenses, respectively. One factor to determine whether it is an operating segment is that its operating results are consistently viewed and analyzed by top management for decisions related to resource allocation and to performance assessment. Lastly, a â€Å"component of an entity† (SFAS No. 144, par. 41) can also be a reporting unit, that is, â€Å"an operating segment or one level below an operating segment† (SFAS No. 142, par. 30). Using the above definitions, it seems that Pit Stop is a â€Å"component of an entity (SFAS No. 144, Par. 41). This is based on the facts that one, all 30 branches of Pit Stop will be disposed one time and two, Pit Stop is distinguishable from the  other operations of Auto World, both in terms of physical branches and in terms of revenues and expenses.  

Utilitarianism Essay Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Essay Essay Utilitarianism is a theory in ethics regarding actions that maximize utility. Utilitarianism is human- centered and has a foundation of morality. One could say this theory holds to happiness as the principle, at least that is what John Mill proposes. Mills is well known for being not only a great philosopher of his time, but also an advocate for utilitarianism, in so much that Mills believed and even improved upon Bentham’s views. John Stuart Mill was the most famous and influential British philosopher of the nineteenth century (Clark, 2003). Mill felt that the foundation of morals, â€Å"utility† or the greatest happiness principle, holds actions are right in a certain proportion because they tend to promote happiness; and wrong because they produce just the opposite of happiness. Happiness is pleasure, with the absence of pain; unhappiness, equals pain and the absence of pleasure. Mill felt that higher pleasures are more valuable than lower ones and also better (Peck, 2006). Pleasure to Mill’s differs in quality and quantity. Mill felt that a person’s achievements and goals such as virtuous living should be recognized as a part of their happiness. Mill believed that happiness is the only basis of morality, and that happiness is the only thing people truly desire. Mill’s take on justice was that it is based on utility and happiness and that rights only exist because they are necessary for a person’s happiness (Peck, 2006). When speaking of qualitative and quantitative utilitarianism there are differences within the two. They both measure the value of different levels of happiness (Ring, 2010). Qualitative utilitarianism entails that mental pleasures are different and also superior to physical pleasures. Quantitative utilitarianism entails that all types of happiness are equal or the same. In quantitative utilitarianism what matters most is the quantity or amount of happiness, not what type (Ring, 2010). When speaking of Mills and his approach one would need to consider the strengths and weaknesses of what Mills proposes. The strengths of Mills approach to utilitarianism would be the fact of the only thing of substance or that matters is what happens in one’s life regardless of the intentions (Qizilbash, 2006). One weakness would be the proposal that one’s intentions do Running head: UTILITARIANISM ESSAY 1 not matter or hold any substantial repercussions. One’s intentions can have a very negative affect on themselves but more important on other’s especially innocent by standers. One’s intentions could be of utmost importance to the good of the majority. Another strength of Mills approach is the fact that Mill considers emotions a form of great pleasure (Qizilbash, 2006). This point of the theory shows some impartiality. Mills also mentions general rules, which in turn would allow for the use of universal rules, and this is a strength for sure. In Mills approach one more weakness would be the ability for one to predict the outcome or consequences. More weaknesses than strengths exist in Mills approach, for instance, to get the greatest good for the greatest number can sometimes make the simplest of actions become immoral- for instance buying something for oneself that is not necessarily needed but none the less something desired, but if that money spent could have been spent elsewhere and been more beneficial to a greater number of people then one is considered immoral or acting immoral. Another weakness in Mills approach is a competent person will always pick a higher pleasure over a lower one (Qizilbash, 2006) yet this is neither feasible nor true in all situations. And the major weakness in Mills theory is the assumption that one should pursue something just because it is desirable and produces pleasure, this can have many negative consequences. Thought experiments have been used in every field from mathematics to philosophy. In this thought experiment four people play a question and answer game. There is a score rewarded for each correct answer, and at the end of the game the two highest scoring people will get the chance to walk away with either a large amount of cash for themselves, half of the cash or unfortunately empty handed. In this particular game one will decide to share and divide the cash, or be greedy and try to walk away with all of the cash, but there is that chance of walking away with nothing. Imagine one chooses share and the other chooses keep, then the one who chose keep gets it all, if both choose share then the cash will be divided evenly and both benefit, after Running head: UTILITARIANISM ESSAY 1 all they both worked equally towards this opportunity. But if both choose keep, they will both walk away empty handed with nothing. In this thought experiment we will assume that both people chose share, considering this is the only sure way of walking away with at least half of the cash. This experiment would defend Mills version of utilitarianism on one hand because both people have done what is best for the greater good (Clark, 2003) so what works for the whole and is better for all involved is best. But when considering Mills part of the version that speaks to one always choosing the higher pleasure over the lower one (Qizilbash, 2006) this scenario would critique- the higher pleasure would have been winning all of the cash for oneself, not having to share it and one knows that this is what each person desired, what would give them each much more pleasure, but instead they went for a lower zone of pleasure when deciding to at least walk away with some rather than no cash. In this experiment one can say it defends and critiques Mill’s because Mill’s was contradicting in his approach and views. Mill was known to improve Bentham’s views, and not agree with them, but yet Mill leans towards Bentham’s views in a lot of his approach to utilitarianism. References Clark, K. J. , Poortenga, A. (2003). The story of ethics, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Peck, L. A. (2006). A â€Å"Fool Satisfied†? Journalists and Mill’s Principle of Utility. Running head: UTILITARIANISM ESSAY 1 Journalism Mass Communication Educator, 61(2), 205-213 Qizilbash, M. (2006). Capability, Happiness and Adaption in Sen and J. S. Mill. Utilitas, 18(1), 20-32. doi:10. 1017/SO953820805001809 Ring, L. , Gross, C. R. , McColl, E. (2010, June). Putting the text back into context: toward increased use of mixed methods for quality of life research. Quality of Life Research. pp. 613-615. doi: 10. 1007/S11136-010-9647-z.

Indias Economy and Infrastructure :: India Economy

India's Economy and Infrastructure OVERVIEW India is rich in natural resources and manpower and has made significant economic progress since attaining independence in 1947. India's economy encompasses traditional village farming, forestry, fishing, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. Economy transformed from primarily agriculture, forestry, fishing, and textile manufacturing in 1947 to major heavy industry, transportation, and telecommunications industries by late 1970s. Central government planning in 1950 through late 1970s giving way to economic reforms and more private-sector initiatives in 1980s and 1990s. A sophisticated industrial base has been created and a large pool of skilled manpower has emerged. Nevertheless, 67% of India's labor force (nearly 400 million) works in agriculture, which contributes 30% of the country's GDP. Production, trade, and investment reforms since 1991 have provided new opportunities for Indian businesspersons and an estimated 300 million middle class consumers. New Delhi has avoided debt rescheduling, attracted foreign investment, and revived confidence in India's economic prospects since 1991. Many of the country's fundamentals - including savings rates (26% of GDP) and reserves (now about $24 billion) - are healthy. Inflation eased to 7% in 1997, and interest rates dropped to between 10% and 13%. Even so, the Indian Government needs to restore the early momentum of reform, especially by continuing reductions in the extensive remaining government regulations. Moreover, economic policy changes have not yet significantly increased jobs or reduced the risk that international financial strains will reemerge within the next few years. Nearly 40% of the Indian population remains too poor to afford an adequate diet. India's exports, currency, and foreign institutional investment were affected by the East Asian crisis in late 1997 and early 1998, but capital account controls, a low ratio of short-term debt to reserves, and enhanced supervision of the financial sector helped insulate it from near term balance-of-payments problems. Export growth, has been slipping in 1996-97, averaging only about 4% to 5%Ââ€"a large drop from the more than 20% increases it was experiencing over the prior three yearsÂâ€"mainly because of the fall in Asian currencies relative to the rupee. Energy, telecommunications, and transportation shortages and the legacy of inefficient factories constrain industrial growth, which expanded only 6.7% in 1997Ââ€"down from more than 11% in 1996. Growth of the agricultural sector is still fairly slow rebounding to only 5.7% in 1997 from a fall of 0.1% in 1996. Agricultural investment has slowed, while costly subsidies on fertilizer, food distribution, and rural electricity remain .

Poetry Comparison Compare Blake’s ‘London’ and Wordsworth’s ‘Composed upon Westminster Bridge’ Essay

The two poems ‘London’ and ‘Composed upon Westminster Bride’, offer differing views on the city of London. Blake presents London as lifeless, dismal and monotonous, whereas Wordsworth’s London is very different. He feels it as beautiful, magnificent and exciting. Blake’s poem consists of four different stanzas all of equal length. This gives a sense of order and regularity. This demonstrates that the people of London live a controlled life, which has no variety. Blake uses repetition, which gives a sense of anguish, ‘And mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, Marks of woe’. This stresses the tedious pace of life. Blake also shows that the people of London are trapped in themselves, ‘In every voice, in every man, the mind forged manacles I hear’. This demonstrates that the people of London cannot express themselves as they are trapped in their own minds. Blake’s London shows the poets anger towards some members of the community. Blake blackens the city by painting images of child labour, ‘how the chimney sweepers cry; every blackening church appals’. This shows that the church is a hypocrite as they are using chimneysweepers themselves. Blake also dislikes the rich aristocrats by describing ‘how the hapless sigh, runs in blood down the palace walls’. This emphasises that the poor work very hard and fight pointless battles while the rich reap the rewards and benefits. In stanza four Blake paints a disgusting picture of prostitution, ‘the youthful harlots curse, blasts the newborn infants ear’, this tells the reader that prostitution leads to disease and plagues, many unwanted. Married men spilt up with their wives. Prostitutes have children, so the cycle continues for years. Blake combines ideas of ‘marriage and hearse’, this to show that the life cycle for people in London is death and suffering. Also Blake horrifies the reader by using different sounds to describe the feelings of people who live in London. He describes ‘moans’ and ‘cries’ to show the reader the depression of the people in London. The city of London is full of sorrow for every man and every infant ‘every cry of every man, in every infants cry of fear’. Also it is very negative and everyone feels depressed ‘harlots curse†¦ soldiers sigh’. Blake intensifies this gloomy atmosphere further, by using iambic meter in his poem. The use of iambic meter and an (ABAB) rhyming scheme for example ‘street†¦flow†¦meet†¦woe’, illerates to the reader how monotonous everyday life in London is, ‘I wandered though each chartered street’. The fact that Blake is wandering through London suggests that the city is boring and has no aims or direction. The reader can work out that Blake is blaming his apathy on the city itself and perhaps it is London’s fault that the population has ‘marks of woe’. Blake’s poem is clearly written about life in the slums of London, while Wordsworth, in his sonnet ‘Composed Upon Westminster Bridge’ focuses on a more general way on the majesty and splendour of London. Wordsworth was a nature lover who normally didn’t like the cities but in the early morning he sees something wonderful and glorious about London. Wordsworth realises that this moment is only temporary ‘never did the sun more beautifully steep in his first splendour, valley, rock or hill’. It was pollution less city bright and splendid. Nothing evil dark or dismal like Blake’s London. ‘This city now doth like a garment wear’, it demonstrates that it is an out of this world experience. He personifies the city, bringing it to life, in order to show how this is a transient moment. Wordsworth also respects the city for its beautiful buildings, unlike Blake who sees it as a city of degraded humanity noting the ‘harlot’s curse’. Wordsworth sees many beautiful ‘towers, domes, theatres and temples†¦ open into the fields and to the skys’. This shows the stillness and emptiness. This is a laying affect to show that man made objects can be as good as nature, unlike Blake who sees misery. Wordsworth uses a very calm and tranquil tone to describe London. This poem is written in the firm pentrarchian sonnet, with iambic pentameter utilises an (ABBA, ABBA, CDCD) rhyme scheme unlike Blake’s continuous (ABAB) rhyme scheme. This creates an unhurried pace with a peaceful mood lacking the intensity of Blake’s poem. It also provides a slow pace to take in the beauty of London in the early morning. Wordsworth’s surprise at the beauty of London is seen when he directly addresses ‘Dear God’! Using an exclamation mark, Wordsworth address God twice to stress his personal reaction to London’s beauty-he wants the reader to see the awe of London, the exclamation mark stresses the shocked pleasure by his reaction. The ‘mighty heart’ demonstrates that the people are the heart of the city-sees London as alive and living part of city working together. Wordsworth values people, as they are the centre point of London. Wordsworth tries to tell the reader that the Thames is working in harmony with the rest of the city. However, although the imagery of London Blake creates through its depressed state and ‘every cry of every man’. In my opinion I prefer Wordsworth’s poem ‘Composed Upon Westminster Bridge’, because he uses personification and makes the city feel beautiful. He states how ‘dull of soul’ anyone would be if they didn’t admire the beauty of London in the early morning. The way Wordsworth describes the cities buildings has a positive effect on the poem and this is why I prefer ‘Composed Upon Westminster Bridge’.

Analysis of Bullet in the Brain

The short story â€Å"Bullet in the Brain† is written by Tobias Wolff. The story takes place in a bank, where we meet the main character Anders. We see the incident from an omniscient narrator’s point of view. The short story is told in chronological order with flashback.We meet Anders in the beginning of the text as a rude and sarcastic man, who has the need to be sarcastic towards a strange woman. When Anders gets shot in the head, the first thing the narrator tells the reader is the things, which did not pass before his eyes.What we hear about here is things he has experienced in his adult life. The narrator returns to Anders real thoughts, and takes the reader back in time to his childhood. In the last part we once again return to the present moment. Anders critiques the bank robbers, as he would criticize one of the books.For example you can tell he is criticizing them, when he says: â€Å"(†¦) Great script, eh? The stern, brass-knuckled poetry of the dangero us classes† He finds these bank robbers to be predictable in their actions, and he cannot take them seriously.â€Å"Did you hear that? † Anders said. â€Å"Bright boy† Right out of â€Å"The Killers†. Tobias Wolff introduces flashbacks, when Anders gets shot in the head, to show the reader his highlights in his, now ending, life.Wolff accentuate the fact that, what Anders did not remember, is just as important and telling about his personality, as what he did remember. The narrator is introducing Anders’ flashbacks by list, what the reader would assume.

Free Essays on Sex,Drugs And Rock And Roll

Since its emergence as an art form, Rock & Roll has become one of the most feared plagues to ever infest the planet. With beats intended to incite excitement and lyrics about pressing issues, there’s no telling how much Rock & Roll could’ve potentially corrupted the youth of the world, be it 1950, 2002, or anytime in between. Fortunately, the full destructive power of this entity that is Rock music has never been reached, thanks in part to the bravery of such freedom-fighters as the PMRC, Joseph Liberman, and church leaders at every corner of the nation. These courageous individuals stepped up to the task of imposing rules and ideas on everyone else’s children, and thusly they’re like parents to all of us. These people have heard the phrase â€Å"Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll† at one time in their careers as professional parents and choice-makers for all of us, and they understand how â€Å"hip† these three things have become with young, impres sionable children. If sex is bad, and drugs are bad, then so too must be Rock, the latter of which causes exposure the priors. A typical argument from such a person usually consists of â€Å"Letting our (your) children become aware of these things is risky business. We, as parents, do not want to talk to them about these problems, because that would require too much responsibility on our parts, so instead we must erase from existence anything that could conceivably inform our kids on the pros and cons of such issues.† Of course, when they say this, they are only speaking of such mediums that youth find pleasurable, such as Rock music and videogames. They often fail to include the use of literature in their arguments because, â€Å"Hey, kids are too dumb to want to read anyway.† And let’s face it: as far as slogans go, â€Å"Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll, and Time Magazine† just isn’t very catchy. So I implore you not to judge these people too harshly. Th ey have just as much the right to be idiots a... Free Essays on Sex,Drugs And Rock And Roll Free Essays on Sex,Drugs And Rock And Roll Since its emergence as an art form, Rock & Roll has become one of the most feared plagues to ever infest the planet. With beats intended to incite excitement and lyrics about pressing issues, there’s no telling how much Rock & Roll could’ve potentially corrupted the youth of the world, be it 1950, 2002, or anytime in between. Fortunately, the full destructive power of this entity that is Rock music has never been reached, thanks in part to the bravery of such freedom-fighters as the PMRC, Joseph Liberman, and church leaders at every corner of the nation. These courageous individuals stepped up to the task of imposing rules and ideas on everyone else’s children, and thusly they’re like parents to all of us. These people have heard the phrase â€Å"Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll† at one time in their careers as professional parents and choice-makers for all of us, and they understand how â€Å"hip† these three things have become with young, impres sionable children. If sex is bad, and drugs are bad, then so too must be Rock, the latter of which causes exposure the priors. A typical argument from such a person usually consists of â€Å"Letting our (your) children become aware of these things is risky business. We, as parents, do not want to talk to them about these problems, because that would require too much responsibility on our parts, so instead we must erase from existence anything that could conceivably inform our kids on the pros and cons of such issues.† Of course, when they say this, they are only speaking of such mediums that youth find pleasurable, such as Rock music and videogames. They often fail to include the use of literature in their arguments because, â€Å"Hey, kids are too dumb to want to read anyway.† And let’s face it: as far as slogans go, â€Å"Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll, and Time Magazine† just isn’t very catchy. So I implore you not to judge these people too harshly. Th ey have just as much the right to be idiots a...

Smart People, Bad Grammar

Smart People, Bad Grammar Smart People, Bad Grammar Smart People, Bad Grammar By Daniel Scocco Stanley Bing, a novelist and columnist for Fortune magazine, recently published an enlightening – let alone hilarious – piece on his blog. Titled â€Å"When Smart People Use Bad Grammar,† the article describes the common confusion around the usage of the personal pronouns â€Å"I† and â€Å"me.† I’m sitting at a lounge last week in Los Angeles with a top business reporter. True, we’re drinking, but that doesn’t really explain what happens next. I’m conversing with him about something that doesn’t really concern you, and things get kind of confidential, and I ask for his promise that the matter will remain off the record. †Don’t worry,† says the reporter, a graduate of a fine college and probably a reputable journalism school. â€Å"That will just be between you and I.† And here is his explanation on the proper usage: For the record, and for those who even marginally care: this is really easy. The word â€Å"I† is used when the You in questions is the subject of a sentence. â€Å"I† does things. â€Å"I like that,† you say. You don’t say, â€Å"Me like that,† unless you are Tarzan. â€Å"Me† makes his appearance when things are done to You. â€Å"He really screwed me on that deal,† is both a common occurrence and correct usage. If you want to read more about this topic, we covered the issue on the article â€Å"Me, Myself, and I.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?36 Poetry Terms25 Idioms with Clean

World population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World population - Essay Example Hundreds of years ago Thomas Malthus forecast that the world’s population will surpass the earth’s feeding resources. In fact Malthus predicts that a world population collapse will result from the over demand for the world’s food resources by an overly large population.(World Population) After all these years, the world population continues to boom and although there are a large number living in abject poverty, it is not as a result of a lack of food. There are those who argue that the over population is on the decline as a result of increased infant mortality and low birthrates. Moreover, humanity will come to an end as a result of depletion of the earth’s ozone layer, pollution and toxic waste long before the population begins to die out as a result of an imbalance between food supplies and population numbers. When one looks at the distribution of the world’s population it is arguable that as long as the population growth is stable and sustained in countries such as Canada, the United States and European nations, the world’s food supply will not be endangered. Moreover, immigration to cities will not become a fact capable of threatening civilization as we know it. The significance of the population growth locations is relevant to the consumption of food. American’s consume almost 40 times as much food as Asians. Canadian’s and Europeans eat almost as much as the Americans. In other words there is more than enough food to go around. But thankfully, North American and Canada are not among the countries experiencing massive population growths.(World Population) Sixty percent of the world’s population is located in Europe. China alone hosts 20% of the world’s people. India, hovers dangerously close to China with 16% of the world’s population. Africa is not far behind with 12% of the world’s population. Europe hosts 11% of the world’s people and North America accounts for 8% of the world’s

Decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Decision making - Essay Example Consequently, modern day decision makers are biased, especially given the deeply-rooted perceptions of success and failure that have been inherited from ancestors. According to Cialdini (2013), bias in human decisions is not just a cause of deficiencies that results in poor decisions. On the contrary, bias is associated design features and not flaws, and this is crucial in understanding consumer behaviours as a result of their decisions. The three major decision making models are rational decision making, descriptive, and natural settings decision models. Each set of models explain the extent of human decision subject to different conditions. For instance, rational decision models such as multivariate utility theory and Bayesian inference models involved breaking down problems into small elements such that uncertainties, choices, and consequences were explicitly provided. In descriptive models, humans are perceived as incapable of making rational decisions due to deviations in terms of heuristics and biases. The explanation of irrationality in descriptive models is elaborated by bounded rationality. Today, decision making within everyday setti ngs focuses on serving the attainment of a goal and not learning the choice. ­Ã‚ ­ Decision making in natural settings focuses on perceiving aspects within the environment restricted by space and time; understanding the meaning of such elements; and forecasting their future status (Polic, 2009, p. 79). This means that at any given time, decision makers are neither fully aware of all possible alternatives for their decision nor the possible outcomes tied to each option, and are never infinitely sensitive to unique distinctions that distinguish one option from the other or the extent of rationality each decision carries. Conventional originates from traditions and customs. A rational decision-making process involves making decisions that result in optimal benefits and operate under the

IT Skills For Finance Professionals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Skills For Finance Professionals - Assignment Example There are certain items that are not included in the cash budget although they used in the calculation of profits. They include deprecation and other expenses which do not include the movement of cash. The table below shows the cash budget for Classic Footballs Ltd. Calculations relating to this budget are shown in the appendix. Cash Budget for Classic Footballs Ltd for the Six Months Ending June 30, 2013    January February March April May June Total    ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cash balance at beginning 0 50238 204198 426382 1046994 1762739 0 Add receipts:                      Issue of shares 52500                52500 Grant       350,000 350000 350000 350000 1400000 Loan- Welch Dev Co.    100,000             100000 Cash sales 175000 192500 210000 227500 271250 253750 1330000 Credit sales 302400 542640 593880 645120 741720 763980 3589740 Interest income    1457 5922 12365 30363 51119 101226 Total cash available 529900 886835 1364000 1661367 2440327 3 181589 10064018                         Deduct disbursements                      Machine    22000 22000 22000       66000 Sundry fixtures and fittings       18000          18000 Payment for Office Premises 100000 150000 100000          350000 Payment for Raw Materials 53249 112854 123498 134989 152425 159145 736161 Payment for Labour 190000 209000 228000 247000 294500 275500 1444000 Payment for Variable Overheads 67200 118720 129920 141120 162400 166880 786240 Rent and rates 68263 68262.9 68262.9 68262.9 68262.9 68262.9 409577.1 Light and Power       230387       230387 460774.3 Delivery Van 950    17550          18500 Audi          1000       1000 Advertising    1800             1800 Total disbursements 479662 682637 937618 614372 677588 900175 4292052                         Excess/(deficiency) 50238 204198 426382 1046994 1762739 2281414 2281414                         Financing:                      Overdraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Repayment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Interest on overdraft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 standard charge for exceeding O/D limit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total effects of financing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0                         Cash balance at end 50238 204198 426382 1046994 1762739 2281414 2281414 The cash budget indicates that Classic Football Ltd will have excess funds available at the end of each of the first six months. The schedule indicates that the cash balance for the first month is ?50,238 and that the receipt from the share issue (?52,500) has contributed significantly to the positive cash balance. If the enterprise grant is received as scheduled, it is expected to contribute significantly to cash inflows and along with continuing growth in sales could place the company in a comfortable cash position. Therefore, the company does not need to use the overdraft that is available in those months. However, this cash should not be al lowed to lie idle. It should be invested in order to earn additional income for the company. This could help set off interest cost and other charges which are expected from future overdraft that may become necessary if sales continue to fall. Part 2 In some months Classic Football Ltd will have a large overdraft balance. This is expected sometime after the full amount of the grant has been received. There are a number of ways that the company could restructure its activities. Some payments could be made earlier in the months that are expected to have high levels of surplus cash. This will be best if the income to be received on any investment of excess cash is higher than the interest charges on overdraft balances. In order to deal with an overdraft balance the company could consider negotiating more favourable payment terms with suppliers. It could also seek to forego discounts on early payment to suppliers by paying at the end of the credit period since the discount that

Beers Critical Path Method

Beers Critical Path Method Beers Critical Path Method Introduction Background: This essay analyzes the transformation of a business-unit (Alpha) of a large public sector undertaking (PSU) company Beta. Alpha was set up with an intention of manufacturing x product for y market. Until December 2003, the primary mission of Alpha of about 900 people was the development, support and maintenance of product x, which was developed and implemented using sequential development method (App-2). The clumsy nature of the employed process and bureaucratic structure of the company was resulting into consistent delays into deliveries of low quality and over budgeted products. The unit had not been able to produce cost-competitive product with high-quality. It had been running without making profit for last three consecutive years. In 2004, newly elected governments inclination towards disinvestment of underperforming PSUs forced Beta to mull over the rationalization of its underperforming business-unit. Consistent pressure from the competitive market and senior managers from head-quarter (HQ) inevitably forced head of Alpha to revisit the units structure and processes. It was decided to come up with design and development of product with superior quality and cost competitiveness within a limited budget and time (i.e. Eighteen months). Revisit to the existing process and structure highlighted the major problems, which were due to lack of coordination and participation among functions in addition to sequential product-development methodology. Consequently, management decided to change the existing structure, and adopt concurrent engineering methodology (App-3) to produce x moving forward. Change Analysis Nature and type of change: Nature of change at Alpha can be analyzed by applying TROPICS test (Paton McCalman, 2008). Based on analysis, this change can be located at the Flexi/Grey area of change spectrum. Although time scales, control and sources factors are identified hard, but as a whole, change is inclined more towards soft end of the spectrum. Problem at Alpha can be considered messy as it involves soft complexities due to the introduction of a new working model and process method (Open university, 1985, cited in Senior Fleming, 2006). TROPICS Test (Modeled on source: Paton McCalman, 2008) Dimensions of the change CCP (Content, Context and Process) model (Pettigrew Whipp, 1991), widely used in organizational change analysis, can be applied in this case to understand the changes at Alpha. Although this model was originally developed to analyze private sector organization but later on, its application was extended to other fields and sectors (Pettigrew et al., 1992). Overall framework focuses on what (content), why (context) and how (process) dimensions of the organization change. CCP Framework (Modeled on source: Pettigrew Whipp, 1991) Context (Why): Traditionally, PSUs are considered to have bureaucratic culture (bureaucratic organization-structure and process culture) (Deal Kennedy, 2002). Such culture is generally hierarchy-driven, procedural, regulated, ordered, cautious, and power orientated (Wallach, 1983). The purpose of bureaucracy is to restrict individuals capacity exerting control over decision-making processes and activities (McHugh Bennett, 1999). According to Hofstede (2003), bureaucratic structure is based on rigid rules and processes, and competencies tied to the positions; where employees are accustomed to systemic but precise way of working, which operates on ‘one person, one job basis and require high degree of job specialization. Therefore, business knowledge and skills are owned by individuals; this makes knowledge sharing very problematic. De Long Fahey (2000) argue that the organization culture plays vital role in determining the people and specific business knowledge relationship. Alpha had been facing similar issues; due to the bureaucratic culture, decision-making was traditionally made at the top without much coordination with and participation of functions. Sequential-development approach used is linear in nature, which does not provide tangible results and product visibility until the product development lifecycle end (Martin, 1991; McConnell, 1996). Lack of individuals participation and knowledge sharing, conflict of authorities in conjunction with slow decision-making speed and cumbersome sequential nature of the product development used to induce significant delays in product delivery and implementation, causing low product-quality and high cost-per-product. Fig- can be used to show cause of realized changes using multiple-cause diagram. Multiple-Cause diagram (Modeled on source: Paton McCalman, 2008) Primary drivers for change can be identified by using a classical change management tool, Force-field analysis (Lewin, 1947). Main purpose for using this tool is to understand context (driving forces) and content (objective, goal, and restraining forces) and determine the process (ways to enhance positive factors and lessen negative factors) (Giardino et al., 1994). This tool confirms the nature and type of change at Alpha confirms, analyzed by TRPOICS test. The primary restraining forces indicate that most of the barriers to change involved soft aspects, such as senior management, existing culture and employee related barriers. Field force analysis (Modeled on source: Lewin, 1947) Content (What): Existing situation at Alpha was not conducive for proposed concurrent development approach either. This approach follows iterative process, which calls for authoritative and speedy decision-making activities along with team culture (Cockburn, 2002). However, bureaucracy structure hinders speed (Martin, 1991) and is not suitable for highly dynamic and complex business processes (Carnall, 2003). Crozier (1964, cited in Hughes, 2003) feels that static working patterns and fixed procedures are not beneficial in a dynamic and volatile business environment. Hence Alpha not only required change in product-development process but also to organization structure. Process (How): Changes at unit were managed and implemented using Beer et al.s (1990) critical path to corporate renewal. This six-step planned-change model needs to be executed in sequence to achieve a successful change. The critical path process in the present case was led by unit head with a middle management team. 1. Mobilize commitment to change through joint diagnosis of business problem: Prior to any effective change effort, it is important to have business problem clearly defined . Management should help people in developing a shared diagnosis of the problem (Beer et al., 1990) and realizing the need for change in existing status quo (Richardson Varkoi, 2003). Kotter (1996) describes the need for a powerful guiding coalition with involvement of key members of the organization. The number of such key members can be small to start with, and can gradually be increased as project gains momentum (Borjesson Mathiassen, 2003). At Alpha, initial step taken by the unit head to review the business broadly. Sticking to Lippits ‘golden rule (1959), an external consultant with his assistant was brought in to lead the change, and to develop the guidelines for the change management. External consultant was allowed to form a coalition-team with a senior researcher, five managers from various functions and six key expert employees from units production-department. Team together investigated existing and past product performances, results and artifacts. In order to analyze problems effectively, they also visited and observed many successful manufacturing companies. Through the analysis of their observations, customer satisfaction surveys and previous performance data, team formed a common understanding of the problem. Team recognized the flaw in the existing product methodology and lack of shared knowledge among employees due to which there were consistent and significant delays in product-delivery with poor p roduct-quality. They came up with two page fact sheet to support their analysis. At this point, team began to realize the need for an alternative organization model and development methodology. 2. Develop a shared vision of how to organize and manage for competitiveness: Once a problem is analyzed, coalition should align employees core tasks with vision of the organization, and lead them towards a task-aligned vision with redefining employees roles and responsibilities (Beer et. al, 1990). Objective of such new arrangements is to have better information-flow coordination pattern across all cross-functional departments. Moreover, these arrangements do not encounter much resistance as they do not cause any formal changes in systems and structure such as compensation or titles (Beer et. al, 1990). However, communications is essential to achieve such arrangement (Jones et al., 2004). Developing vision and strategy is generally a messy and time consuming process that results into guidance for future, which is feasible, desirable, flexible, and focused (Kotter, 1996). In order to develop vision, team executed future workshop to focus on democratic and creative idea generation from the participants. Future Workshops, a user-driven and participatory design technique, is used to help participants play an important role in designing vision for future, by actualizing a common problematic-situation (Greenbaum Kyng, 1991). This workshop is normally conducted in three phases: critique, visionary and realization phase (Jungk Mullert, 1986). The participants, at Alpha, consisted of management team and carefully chosen key employees. In critique phase, participants formulated their critical views regarding existing shared values and working procedures. At the end of this phase, participants were asked to prioritize the most important issues considered the barriers for the u nits development. In visionary phase, participants formulated the visions for units future direction, which brought in new suggestions and ideas for business activities improvement. In realization phase, participants identified actions to realize the visions most effectively as a response to critical issues. Relevant inputs gathered from participants of this process can be utilized while preparing overall change implementation plan (Jones et al., 2004). Based on cost-benefit analysis, future workshop and two-page factsheets, team carried out a SWOT analysis and developed a new organization model (refer fig-), along with a new methodology, concurrent development method, for product development and implementation. Intention of new model was to eliminate hierarchal and functional barriers to information sharing; whereas to adopt new product development approach to avoid delays and improve quality along with cost-competiveness of the product. Such organization-level changes do need an adequate support from senior management (Small Downey, 2001). therefore proposal of these changes was proposed to senior management team at HQ. While they were delighted to notice units pro-active and positive steps, they were not convinced with the new approach to resolve the critical issue as existing approach was working very well for rest of the organization. Eventually after few rounds of discussions, they got ready to lend their support and approved the proposal, despite their reservations. New organization model (Cross-functional Teams with their respective responsibility area) 3. Foster consensus for the new vision, competence to enact it, and cohesion to move it along. Beer et al. (1990) feels that just simply helping employees develop a new vision is insufficient to make change successful. Employees need to understand the positive impact of new structure and approach to be committed to that vision. Therefore, it is vital to share and communicate the vision to employees in overcoming resistance to change and developing required competencies to make new organization work. Change process can be successful only when there are clear, concise and realistic change-plan and implementation-plan in place; otherwise process runs at risk of adding further resistance to change (Mathiassen et al., 2005). In order to communicate the vision to all employees, a conference with presentation and discussion was held. Senior management team from HQ along with all the employees, were in attendance. The change-plan with new structure and methodology, and implementation-plan with goals, objective, risks and mitigation plans, training plans, and milestone and measurement plans were also presented. Presence of senior management in the conference boosted the morale and confidence of units management team. Subsequently, internal meetings took place and goals, strategy and vision were circulated. Once new roles and responsibilities are defined, people need to foster the skills to make the new arrangement work. In fact, changes in the relationships due to these new roles, responsibilities will push people towards learning, and foster new attitudes and skills. Changed coordination pattern also increases sharing of information, employee collaboration and participation; this, in turn, reduces resistance level which arises as a result of incorrect information and rumours (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979). Team took the help of human resource team, not only to make sure employees were clear about the changes, and their roles and responsibilities but also to understand the required skills and trainings for the employees. Required trainings were imparted to employees to develop their skills. Beer et al. (1990) advocate replacing those managers who despite all the support and guidance do not want to or cannot change in order to function in new setup. Having said that such decisions can sometimes backfire as not only there is a threat of losing valuable skills and knowledge but also it can make other employees demoralized, that can hamper the change progress. Introduction of new model and development approach caused restructuring resulting into redundancy of staff in small number. Uncertainty created by the situation also made few employees depart during the transition process. Few managers and employees were replaced and few were given promotion. Few key employees including managers, who were very much accustomed to past bureaucratic culture could not find the new working model and culture suitable for them and subsequently, left the organization. 4. Spread revitalization to all departments without pushing it from the top. With a new structure is in place for the unit, departments and functions do have to rethink about their authorities and roles in the organization. Effective interaction between them and new organization structure enables members of team to become effective by letting employees participate actively in team decisions (Beer et al., 1990). At Alpha, where managers of production department looked the most spirited and passionate about the changes, managers of engineering department were more hesitating. They had always been a dominant force at Alpha and these changes were perceived as threat to their authority. In the past, they always shown less concern whether production department could manufacture products based on their design specification. However, with new organization structure and method in place, engineering department had to collaborate with product department in product development activities. This actually forced them to re-visit their approaches to manage and organize their own department, and rethink over their roles. Often when speedy change is required, leaders tend to force the issue throughout the organization; this generally short-circuits change-process. The best way is to let each functions and departments find their own way to the new organization (Beer et al., 1990). In case of Alpha, departments were encouraged to apply general concept of teamwork and coordination to their own situation. For nearly a year, engineering department had to suffer agony in implementing theses concept and accepting the new structure. Decision of their move to new structure was natural; since it was their own choice, team members showed commitment to learn the required attitude and skills. 5. Institutionalize revitalization through formal policies, systems, and structures. In any change process, sequence of activities should be carefully considered as activities suited at one particular time tend to backfire, if initiated little too soon. This is especially applicable to activities related to changes in systems and structure. Leaders should institutionalize changes only when right employees are in place and new arrangements are up and running. Beer et al. (1990) argues that none of formal structure and systems is perfect but employee commit to them, as they work in structure and learn about required interdependencies. If the implemented change becomes part of the culture of organization then it is considered successful (Senior Fleming, 2006). The units revitalization was successful as it enabled employees to change their views about their roles and responsibilities. They actually became convinced that change would bring a difference. This eventually resulted into a striking improvements in value added per employee, gross inventory per employee, scrap reduction, quality, and profits. To their credit, business unit was able to achieve all these without further control system, compensation or restructuring. However, eventually when opportunity came, there were few change were made in the formal organization. For example, vice president of operation was asked to leave organization and that position was eliminated altogether. 6. Monitor and adjust strategies in response to problems in the revitalization process. In order to sustain the benefits of changes and being able to adapt to dynamic competitive environment, an organization should know the effective use of continuous shared monitoring of the change process (Mathiassen et al., 2005). Keeping such measurement criteria provides multiple advantages, such as i) it keeps people, with direct involvement in the change-process, motivated; ii) it gives management a sense of direction in which change-project is moving iii) it also depicts a relationship between achieved result and invested effort. Even after successful change implementation, it is essential to re-examine the original plan regularly and revise it with respect to current circumstances and situations (Senior Fleming, 2006). Stating clear objectives and process measurements criteria explicitly in the implementation plan was very helpful. Measurements were gathered at the end of pilot-study and appropriate process benchmarking was set, after comparison with previous internal and cro ss-industry data. In order to monitor revitalization, several mechanisms were put in place. Internal surveys and feedbacks were introduced to monitor attitude and behaviour patterns. A monitoring team was formed to keep regular watch over the processes and plan for new challenges. This team consisted of managers and key members of respective functional teams and human resource and finance teams. Outcomes and lessons Outcomes: Use of critical path model in present case proved to be an effective way to evoke organization renewal without actually enforcing it. Beer et al.s (1990) believe that employees resistance to changes can be managed effectively through task-alignment approach. This turned out to be a key success factor in case of Alpha. Once core task aligned with organizations vision, employees discovered that new structure and product-development method are more effective. They started willing to accept changes, which otherwise they may have resisted. Adoption of concurrent development method along with change in existing structure, improved not only speed of decision-making but also employee-participation and knowledge-sharing among functions and departments. This enabled company to reduce product-manufacturing and delivery time significantly; this, consequently, improved product-quality and cost-competitiveness and therefore, the profit. The problems associated with the new development method and s tructure is now believed to have eased with increase in employees familiarization of new structure, and development approach. Despite all that, change-project at unit cannot be entirely considered successful. Beer assumes the approach of the changes through critical path model to be always top-bottom. However, the change-project in Alpha was initiated by unit head and carried out by his middle-management team with the help of an external consultant. One of the necessary steps was to gain approval and support from senior management teams of HQ, who was not roped in right from the word go. Negotiations with them caused notable delay in the implementation of the planned changes. The combined effect of not having senior management from HQ directly involved in the coalition, and resignations of senior researcher along with few key members of coalition while restructuring impacted the speed of the changes and its desired results. Although, change-project is claimed to be successful by the management team; but absence significant key performance indicators at the beginning for measuring the success, raise question mark over their claim. In fact, this change-project would be considered a failure if measured against traditional performance indicators, such as cost (in budget) and time (on time). Present study raises a few reservations over the critical path model itself. Basic flaws with this model are the lack of provision for pilot-project, and feedback-loop (iteration) at each stage. Pilot-project is considered to be very handy while implementing new process, which enables people to view new aspects of the process. This approach also gives an idea to people how process will work in actual and assists convincing others, particularly management, about the benefits of new process (Borjesson Mathiassen, 2003). At Alpha, pilot-project approach was employed effectively and it was successful, which convinced senior manager at HQ that the change-project was moving in right direction. Measurements gathered during pilot-project were also helpful in maintaining concentration and sustaining improvements. However, coalition did not realize the importance of feedback-loop at each stage, which caused uncertainty in employees mind, particular during restructuring. This resulted into dep arture of key employees, leaving long-term impact on the unit (Fodor Poor, 2009). Being effective only at organization-level changes, the model either not considered or overlooked specific aspects of concurrent-development approach; this gives rise to need for a more specific and tailored framework to manage such process-level changes. Bibliography Fodor, P., Poor, J. (2009). The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis on HRM and Knowledge-Management in Hungary and Slovakia Empirical Research 2008-2009. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 6 (3), 69-91. Nadler, D.A and Tushman, M.L. (1989).Organizational Frame Bending: Principles for Managing Reorientation.The Academy of Management Executive,3 (3), 194-204 Paton, R.A. and McCalman, J. (2008).Change management: a guide to effective implementation, 3rded. 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